Herzing Atlanta Campus Connection

Herzing University has adopted the APA Style for documentation of sources. These examples are based on the following APA Publication Manual (“APA Manual”).

American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.:

American Psychological Association.

The APA published a new edition of their manual in July 2009. This Tip Sheet has been updated to follow the guidelines in this new 6^th edition. For more information, check the APA’s style website at www.apastyle.org Copies of the manual are available in the Herzing University Library. Chapter 7 of the APA Manual (6^th ed.) provides reference examples.

FAQ

What sections do I need to include in my paper?

CHECK WITH YOUR INSTRUCTOR. In general, our academic papers will include a title page, the body of the paper, and the References list. You may also wish to include figures and tables. Your instructor may want you to include an abstract for longer papers, additional information on the Title Page, headings, or other supplemental materials. The format instructions for these items are included in the APA manual. You should be sure you understand your instructor’s expectations.

What are basic rules for formatting an APA style paper?

· Double-space throughout the paper.

· Number all pages – including the title page. See example below.

· Use a 1” margin throughout the paper.

· Use Times New Roman typeface in 12-point font size.

· All sources listed on the References list must also be cited in the text of the paper.

What type of citations do I need to include in my paper?

When you prepare a written work, you must include both in-text citations and a References list. In-text citations occur at the point of reference in the body of your paper where you refer to information you have located in another source. The in-text citation is brief and generally includes the author name and date of publication. If a direct quote, the page number is also included. Readers can then locate the full citation for the work cited in your References list.

How do I space and indent on the References list page?

Double-space References list and use the hanging indent. See the examples listed in this Tip Sheet. For purposes of this handout, References are formatted in 1.5 spacing to condense the handout. For your papers, you should follow the double-spacing rule.

When do I need to include page numbers in my citations?

Rules regarding when to include page numbers in your citation vary. Check the manual for further information. Generally, when citing a direct quotation, include the author, year, and page number.

For electronic sources where a direct quotation is used, include a page number, or if there are not page numbers but the paragraphs are visibly numbered, use the paragraph number in place of the page number and use the abbreviation “para.”

If using an electronic source for a direct quote, and neither page numbers or paragraphs are visible, use a section heading if possible to indicate the location. In the absence of headings, only include the author and year.

If paraphrasing from the source, a page number is not required along with the author and year, but may be included to help the reader locate the specific spot in your source where the information is included. Your instructor may prefer that the page number is included.

Where can I find additional reference resources to help me with APA?

See page 6 of this handout.

Many of my sources are online electronic sources. How do I cite those?

The 6^th ed. of the APA Manual includes new guidelines for electronic sources. The basic APA rule is that “in general, we [APA] recommend that you include the same elements, in the same order, as you would for a reference to a fixed-media source and add as much electronic information as needed for others to locate the sources you cited” (p. 187).

Since the location and storage of electronic sources can change, some publishers have implemented the DOI System. DOI stands for digital object identifier and is a unique, persistent number assigned to each source.

· DOIs always start with a 10 and if an article has been assigned one of these numbers, you will usually see it at the top of the first page of the source. Be careful not to confuse the DOI with other types of identifying numbers a database provider might assign a document.

· Materials located on the WWW, in subscription databases, and in print sources may have a DOI assigned. When this DOI number is present, APA recommends that it be included in the citation and no additional locator information such as a URL or database name is needed.

· When the DOI is not available, the URL of the journal, book or report publisher is given in the citation. A web search may be required to locate the URL. See Rule 6.32 in the APA Manual.

What if my source has no date?

If no date is given for your source, indicate that with the abbreviation n.d. for “no date.”

How do I cite an interview?

The APA Manual addresses personal communications (interviews, email, letters, etc.) in Rule 6.20. Since the information collected through these communications is not recoverable to the reader, it is NOT cited in the reference list. However, it must be cited in the text of the paper. That in-text citation includes the communicator’s initials and last name, an indication that it is a personal communication, and exact date. For example: (B. Smith, personal communication, April 15, 2007)

What if my source has more than one author?

The first author is listed last name first and do the same for additional authors. Include the “&” character preceding the last author. Do not include more than 6 authors. If there are more than 6, abbreviate the 7^th and subsequent names as “et al.”

If my source is electronic, do I need to include the date I retrieved it?

Retrieval dates are not included unless the content may change. For example, the content of a Wiki entry may change, so include the retrieval date.

How do I format URL in my citations? Copy exactly. Do not add hyphens if continuing onto another line. Rather, break URL before a punctuation mark in the URL. Do not add a period after the URL in your citation. Do not use active hyperlinks in the text or References list

What is included on the Title Page?

1. Page header which, like all pages in the paper, includes the Running Head flush left and the page number flush right.

2. The title which summarizes the main idea of the paper. The title should be centered and on the upper half of the page.

3. Author’s name (byline). Preferred format includes first name, middle initial, last name.

4. Institutional affiliation.

APA Style Examples

How To Use The Following Examples
Reference List Format		Follow the “Reference List” format sample to prepare Reference List citations. If the material to be cited poses some exception to the sample (no author or date given, for example), refer to the APA Manual, compare the exceptions to some of the other samples to see if you see a similar situation, or consult your instructor or librarian.
Elements		Identifies each part of the citation.		E = Format for Electronic Source (includes Web and other Online sources)
In-Text Format		Follow this example when preparing the “In-Text Citation” for your material. Each reference must include an In-Text citation as well as Reference List entry.
Book: Print
	Reference List	Griffin, R. W., & Ebert, R.J. (2002). Business (6^th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
	Elements	Author(s). (Date of publication). Title (edition number if other than the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
	In-Text	(Griffin & Ebert, 2002)
Book: Electronic Version of Print Book E
	Reference List	Austen, J. (1998). Pride and prejudice. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1342
	Elements	Author. (Date of publication). Title. Retrieved from URL
	In-Text	(Austen, 1998)
Book: Groups as Authors (Corporations, associations, government agencies)
	Reference List	American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5^th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
	Elements	Group. (Date of publication). Title (Edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
	In-Text	(American Psychological Association [APA], 2001) Note: Subsequent in-text references would be: (APA, 2001).
Chapter in Anthology or Compilation
	Reference List		Stadelmann, M. A. (2001). Commentary on President George W. Bush address to a joint session of Congress and the American people. In S. Rohde (Ed.), Webster’s new world American words of freedom (pp. 163-179). New York, NY: Hungry Minds, Inc.
	In-Text		(Stadelmann, 2001)
Poem or Short Story from an Anthology
	Reference List		Hemingway, E. (1925). Soldier's home. In E.V. Roberts & H. E. Jacobs (Eds.), Literature: an introduction to reading and writing (7^th ed.), (pp. 319- 324). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
	Elements		Author or Poet. (Date of publication). Title of short story or poem. Editor’s of anthology, Title of anthology (Edition), (page numbers of short story or poem). Place of publication: Publisher.
	In-Text		(Hemingway, 1925)

Magazine Article – No Author
	Reference List		Sports beat. (2003, June 23). Sports Illustrated, 98(25), 29.
	Elements		Title of Article. (Date of publication). Title of Magazine, Vol.(Issue), Page number.
	In-Text		(“Sports Beat,” 2003, June 23)
Magazine Article – With An Author
	Reference List	Albee, A. L. (2003, June). The unearthly landscapes of Mars: The red planet is no dead planet. Scientific American, 288(6), 44-53.
	Elements	Author. (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Vol(Issue), page number.
	In-Text	(Albee, 2003, June)
Electronic Magazine e
	Reference List	Sale, A. (2006). The acquisition of open access research articles. First Monday, 11(9). Retrieved from http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue11_10/sale/index.html
	Elements	Author. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Vol(Issue). Retrieved from URL. Note regarding the URL: The home page URL of the publication is required. In addition, if it is difficult to locate the article from the homepage, then an exact URL will be helpful. This example uses the full URL for that reason.
	In-Text	(Sale, 2006)
Journal Article: Print
	Reference List	Roberts, D. (2003). Mentoring: The future of nursing. MedSurg Nursing, 12(3), 143.
	Elements	Author. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Vol(Issue), page number.
	In-Text	(Roberts, 2003)
Journal Article: Electronic with DOI e
	Reference List	Stickgold, R. (2005). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature, 437(7063), 1272. doi:10.1038/nature04286
	Elements	Basic elements of the citation are the same as that of a print publication. The DOI is added at the end to identify the electronic location. Notice that doi is all in lower case and there is no period following the DOI number. For more on citing with DOI numbers, see the Manual at pages 198-199.
	In-Text	(Stickgold, 2005)
Journal Article: Electronic without DOI e
	Reference List	Jencks, C. (2004). Nature talking with nature. The Architectural Review, 215(1283), 66. Retrieved from http://www.arplus.com
	Elements	Basic elements of the citation are the same as that of a print publication. When no DOI is available for an electronic source (whether found on the Web or a subscription database), locate the home page URL for the publication and include that after the words Retrieved from. For more on this format, see the manual at 190-192; 199.
	In-Text	(Jencks, 2004)

Newspaper Article – With an Author or Byline
	Reference List	Rockwell, J. (2003, July 9). Conversing on the arts by clicking a mouse. New York Times, p. B3.
	Elements	Author. (Date of publication). Article title. Newspaper title, page numbers. Note: Include all page numbers. If on discontinuous pages, list all and separate with a comma.
	In-Text	(Rockwell, 2003, July 9)
Newspaper Article: Electronic (Note: If the newspaper article is from an online database, include a retrieval statement indicating the URL.) E
	Reference List			Mattioli, D. (2007, February 7). You can say too much without even speaking. Career Journal: The Wall Street Journal Executive Career Site. Retrieved from http://www.careerjournal.com/
	Elements			Author. (Date of publication). Article title. Newspaper title. Retrieved from URL
	In-Text			(Mattioli, 2007, February 7)
Signed Article in Encyclopedia or Reference Work. If no author, use title of entry as first element.
	Reference List			Boydston, J. (2001). Women in the labor force. In Boyer, P. S. (Ed.), The Oxford Companion to United States History (pp. 834-835). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
	Elements			Article or entry author. (Date of publication). Title of entry. In Editor Name (Ed.), Title of Book (page numbers). Location: Publisher.
	In-Text			(Boydston, 2001)
Reference Work: Electronic e
	Reference List			Marsh, D. (2007). Elvis Presley. In Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/
	Elements			Author. (Date of publication). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. Retrieved from URL
	In-Text			(Marsh, 2007)
Technical and Research Reports: Electronic (Includes Government Reports) e
	Reference List		Life Sciences Research Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. (1995). Third report on nutrition monitoring in the United States, executive summary. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/tronm.pdf
	Elements		Authoring Organization or agency if not a personal author. (Date of publication). Title of report. Retrieved from URL Note: If a report number has been assigned, give it after the title in parentheses. If the publishing agency is not listed as the author, list it in the retrieval statement.
	In-Text		(Life Sciences Research Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1995)
Website e
	Reference List		Hernandez, T.C. (n.d.). Library of Congress, The Information Bulletin: The Gerry Mulligan collection: library opens permanent exhibition area. Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9906/gerry.html
	Elements		Author. (Date of publication or n.d. if no date is given). Title of page: article. Retrieved from URL.
	In-Text		(Hernandez, n.d.)

Website Article – No author, no date E
	Reference List		What is foosball? (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2007, from http://www.foosball.com/content.php?page239
	Elements		Title of page. (Date of publication or n.d. if no date is given). Retrieved on date from URL. Note: the date of retrieval is given in this example, because the information cited could change over time.
	In-Text		(“What is foosball?”, n.d.)
Audio Podcast E
	Reference List	Tanenhaus, S. (Editor). (2007, February 11). Book Review Podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/ref/books/books-podcast-archive.html
	Elements	Author or Editor. (Date of publication). Title of post [Format]. Retrieved from URL
	In-Text	(Tanenhaus, 2007, February 11)
Blog Post e
	Reference List	USCF. (2007, August 6). Re: New USCF elects board of directors [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://uschess.org
	Elements	Author or Editor. (Date of publication). Title of post [Format]. Retrieved from URL
	In-Text	(USCF, 2007, August 6)
Video Blog Post e
	Reference List	Cahill, P. (2007, August 16). Early Nightly is up [Video file]. Retrieved from http://dailynightly.msnbc.msn.com/
	Elements	Author or Editor. (Date of publication). Title of post [Format]. Retrieved from URL
	In-Text	(Cahill, 2007, August 16)
Source within a Source – Sometimes called indirect or secondary sources.
Remember your citation must be for the source you are looking at or have in hand. So, mention the original source in your sentence as a signal to your reader. It should identify the original author, and then in your in-text and Reference list citations, use the information for the actual source you are using. For more information, see page 178 of the APA Manual.

Additonal APA Resources:

The APA Manual provides information on formatting the paper. Check the following:

1. “Manuscript Elements” for the overall format of the paper (APA Manual Rules 2.01-2.13) and the “Checklist for Manuscript Submission” (APA Manual Rule 8.07).

2. “Citing References in Text” (APA Manual Rules 6.11-6.26)

3. “Reference Components” (APA Manual 6.27-6.32)

4. “Reference Examples” (APA Manual Chapter 7)

5. Sample Papers (APA Manual Figures 2.1-2.3)

There are also many examples and helpful materials at the APA Style website at www.apastyle.org

See the Herzing University Library Tab in Blackboard.

Download a pdf version of the APA style examples